The Alzheimer's Association International Conference (AAIC) 2023 was held in the Netherlands from July 16th to 20th. Nearly 10000 attendees from around the world gathered in Amsterdam to focus on hotspots and frontiers in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia research. The conference featured more than 3000 academic presentations during five days, facilitating in-depth exchanges between researchers through scientific sessions and poster presentations. This article summarizes the globally published Advancements In Treatment, Diagnosis and Risk Reduction Strategies Highlighted at AAIC and presents the latest and the most important advancements at AAIC.

With the development of researches on anti-amyloid-β(Aβ) monoclonal antibodies(mAbs) and the deeper understanding of disease-modifying therapies, related clinical trials and studies on anti-Aβ mAbs for treating Alzheimer's disease recently have made great progress. Due to successive FDA approval of Aducanumab and Lecanemab (BAN2401), these drugs have been used in clinic. On December 11 2022, Aducanumab was first applied to the treatment of mild Alzheimer's disease for clinical use by the author's team in Lecheng medical pioneer area in Boao Hainan, which officially initiating the anti-Aβ mAbs therapy for Alzheimer's disease in China. This review systematically summarizes the research progress and clinical practice of anti-Aβ mAbs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurological degenerative disease, which seriously affects the cognitive ability and daily living function of patients.With the advancement of artificial intelligence(AI) technologies, there has been increasing research exploring the rapid and efficient application of deep learning, convolutional neural networks, and other AI techniques in the prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of AD. These applications encompass various areas such as imaging analysis, neuropsychological data processing, treatment, and intelligent assistive devices. This paper aims to review the application and research status of artificial intelligence technology in AD. In this review, we compiled the existing artificial intelligence technology in AD image data processing, AD prediction, in AD treatment and AD patients intelligent auxiliary equipment application progress, according to the systematic review and meta analysis preferred systematic literature review and related studies, in July and August 2023, we searched in PubMed, CHKD, database and the cloud library, this step generated 96 non-repeated results. Next, we screened the titles and abstracts of 96 papers and then excluded 50 papers, leaving 46 for a comprehensive analysis. The application of artificial intelligence technology in the diagnosis and treatment of AD has a good application prospect, but some of them lack practicability and generalization, and need to be further optimized.

The Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) aims to study brain imaging and biomarkers that provide information for Alzheimer's disease treatment trials. Through the continuous stages of ADNI-1, ADNI-go, ADNI-2 and ADNI-3, the phenotypic analysis of amyloid and tau and the improvement of neuroimaging methods have successfully realized the standardized analysis and measurement of data, and the unrestricted public sharing of data around the world. This paper reviews ADNI research as follows.

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects people over the age of 85 and is characterised by aphasia, dyscognition and memory impairment. Functional magnetic resonance imaging is an important tool for doctors to diagnose AD. Deep learning has made breakthroughs in the field of sound, image and text data, and its application to fMRI image classification for AD has become a hot research topic. This paper first reviews the concept of deep learning; then introduces several methods in fMRI image classification for AD based on deep learning, including convolutional neural network methods, recurrent neural network methods, and graph neural network methods; and finally provides an outlook on the future development to provide reference for subsequent research.

With further research on Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the application of blood markers as a non-invasive test in the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease course of AD has received extensive attention. This review focuses on the progress of the application of immunoassay methods for blood markers in AD, which provides a comprehensive analysis of the principles, advantages, and limitations of single molecule array, electrochemiluminescence, immunomagnetic reduction, chemiluminescence and immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry technologies in the detection of blood biomarkers for AD. Additionally, it explores how these technologies improve the sensitivity and specificity of detection and standardization of clinical applications.

With the aging population, the number of patients with dementia rises sharply. It brings serious medical and economic burdens to society. The early screening and intervention of cognitive impairment are widely regarded as a key strategy in disease management, which will influence the prognosis of cognitive impairment. The neuropsychological scale plays an indispensable role in the screening of patients with cognitive impairment. At present, there is no perfect cognitive screening scale, and the sensitivity and specificity of various screening tools vary greatly. This article aimed to review the sensitivity, specificity and time efficiency of more than 10 clinically commonly used and newly developed cognitive screening scales, and find the further development direction of new screening scales.

With the acceleration of population aging in China, the prevalence of dementia in China is rapidly increasing and has become an important public health issue. Considering the limitations of pharmacological treatment in terms of efficacy in improving symptoms and functions of patients with dementia, non-pharmacological treatment has become one of the important elements in the research of dementia and cognitive disorders. In this paper, we will sort out the development of non-pharmacological treatments from four aspects: exercise rehabilitation, psychological intervention, physical therapy, and cognitive function training, and discuss the characteristics and the effects of these treatments, in order to provide references for research and clinical practice related to the prevention and early intervention of dementia.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative disease that causes dementia in elderly people. The etiology of AD is complicated and its progress is slow in a long period. Therefore, early diagnosis and intervention are important strategies for the prevention and treatment of AD. The classical method for clinical diagnosis of AD is to detect the biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, it is very difficult to collect the CSF sample and thus to use this method widely. Meanwhile, those biomarkers in CSF are present at very low levels in blood samples that requires highly sensitive method for the detection. In recent years, the researches of AD biomarkers focus on two aspects: one is to establish new detection methods with high sensitivity and specificity, and the other is to explore and discover some new biomarkers in blood. In this paper, the latest progress of AD biomarkers in human peripheral blood is reviewed briefly, and the possibility of its application in clinical diagnosis is analyzed.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that causes irreversible cognitive decline. The pathogenesis of AD is complex, with the main pathological features being the deposition of β-amyloid polypeptide (Aβ) and tau fibrillary tangles. In addition, inflammatory mechanisms have recently gained attention from AD researchers. The diagnostic framework for Alzheimer's disease has been revised by Alzheimer's Association International Conference 2023, expanding the traditional Amyloid, Tau, and Neurodegeneration (ATN) framework to ATNIVS. The letter “I” has been added to represent the inflammatory mechanism. This suggests that neuroinflammation could be used as a targeted strategy for AD disease diagnosis or drug treatment. Currently, the relationship between inflammation and AD is complex. Inflammatory factors may serve as biomarkers for predicting the onset of preclinical AD, as well as potentially exacerbating AD neuropathy. This article will discuss the clinical value of inflammatory factors in the progression of AD and related research as early diagnostic biomarkers，including the types and functions of inflammatory factors such as interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, and chemokines. It also explores the relationship between inflammation and glial cells and neurons, and the potential of inflammation as a biomarker for early diagnosis of AD. The study of the relationship between neuroinflammation and AD disease progression is significant for understanding the role of neuroinflammation in AD. It is important to use precise subject-specific vocabulary when it conveys the meaning more precisely than a similar non-technical term.

With the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease(AD) and the growing memory crisis, there is a significant need for early AD based diagnostic aids. Medical imaging technology is an effective tool to assist in AD screening in the early stages, where hypergraphs excel in the task of classifying AD. In hypergraphs, hyperedges can connect multiple nodes, which makes hypergraphs more suitable for representing complex relationships and structures. In medical imaging technology, hypergraphs are able to model multivariate relationships more accurately, with a strong ability to portray and mine nonlinear higher-order associations between data samples. This paper summarises the research results based on brain functional hypernetworks, focusing on three methods: graph kernels, matrix analysis and deep learning, and concludes with an outlook on future developments to provide a reference for subsequent research.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered as the prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) or other types of dementia. It is currently believed that the annual incidence of dementia in people with MCI is about 10 times higher than in people with no MCI. AD is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, learning memory impairment and memory loss, and there is currently no effective drug treatment. Thus, AD is becoming serious public health problems and will cause significant economic burden. To strengthen the understanding of MCI, reliable early diagnosis and effective intervention are particularly important. At present, many studies have reported that mindfulness meditation can lead to changes in brain structure and function to improve cognitive conditions. This article will focus on mindfulness meditation and its mechanisms in cognitive improvement, and at the same time put forward some views on future research directions.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory impairment and cognitive decline, which ultimately affects speech, behavior, visual spatial localization and motor system. The deposition of A β to a certain dose will initiate some mechanisms to cause pathological changes and lead to memory loss. Oxidative stress and inflammation play important roles in many mechanisms. In recent years, it has been found that the activation of microglia and astrocytes can promote neuroinflammatory response and cause neuronal damage. This paper systematically collates and summarizes the effects of microglia and astrocytes on AD and the regulation of traditional Chinese medicine on neuroinflammation in the treatment of AD, in order to provide some theoretical reference for the treatment and further research of AD.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a kind of neurodegenerative disease which seriously endangers the health of the elderly. It is the most common type of Alzheimer's disease. The incidence rate of AD increases with age. AD has become an important social public health problem as the incidence rate increases with the aging of society. Although there are many kinds of drugs to alleviate the symptoms of AD, none of them can modify the course of the disease. Therefore, early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment are particularly important. At present, the diagnosis of AD by detecting the related pathological proteins in blood has become a hot spot in international research. This article will briefly review the recent studies on the blood markers( Aβ and tau protein) of AD, and discuss the possible research directions in the future.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with insidious onset. The pathogenesis of AD is very complex and may be the result of multifactorial interaction.The β-amyloid (Aβ) cascade hypothesis is currently the classic theory of its pathogenesis. The abnormal accumulation of Aβ is closely related to the occurrence and development of the disease. Under the guidance of this theory, a large number of drug research has been invested, and most of the research takes Aβ as a target to try to prevent or delay the occurrence and development of AD.This article elaborates on the research on different forms of amyloid antibodies in abroad, hoping to help researchers understand the current status of amyloid-related antibody drug research and provide ideas for the future development of new AD drugs.

Detection of biomarkers is crucial in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, in which the examination of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers is easier to be carried out than the tracer PET in clinical practice because of its high sensitivity, specificity and operability. However, at present, the domestic cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers testing is mostly affected by out-of-hospital testing institutions, and there is no unified detection criterion and standard,, resulting in large testing errors. Therefore, this article summarizes several noteworthy issues in the collection and detection of cerebrospinal fluid in order to minimize the error in the clinical detection of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and give full play to the important value of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers examination in the early diagnosis of AD.

The Alzheimer's disease (Alzheimer's disease, AD) and osteoporosis (osteoporosis, OP) is the most common degenerative disease in the elderly population. AD and osteoporosis appear to be two distinct diseases, but more and more studies have shown that they share some common pathogenic factors, pathogenesis and signaling pathways. Several studies in vivo and in vitro support this idea. In patients with AD, there is too much amyloid protein in the brain, which can extend to peripheral organs and cause skeletal amyloid deposition, which will enhance the ligand signal of nuclear factor NF-κB receptor activator and lead to enhanced osteoclast activity. People with osteoporosis may be deficient in vitamin D or have low levels of vitamin D-binding protein, which prevents amyloid aggregation, thus linking vitamin D deficiency to AD and osteoporosis. Wnt signal antagonist DKK1 might be a potential common risk molecule connecting both AD and osteoporosis.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common of dementia, and there is a lack of effective early diagnosis. Pathophysiological changes in Aβ and Tau proteins were early events of AD, but the correlation between their biomarkers and the severity of dementia was weak. Synaptic loss is proved to be the outcome event of early pathophysiological changes in AD. EEG can monitor the function of brain synapses in real time and serve as an electrophysiological marker of AD. The purpose of this paper is to review the application and research progress of EEG in Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Methods: These articles published in Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Chinese Biomedical Database, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and other Chinese and English databases before March 8, 2022 were searched, with a supplementary search of unpublished clinical trials on Clinicaltrails.gov. The primary outcome is the change of score in the main cognitive function scale before and after the intervention, and the secondary outcome was the occurrence of adverse reactions. Review Manager 5.2 software was used to summarize and analyze the extracted data, and Cochrane bias risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included literature. Results: Twenty-three studies were included, of which 18 studies (20 data groups) were included in quantitative analysis, with a total of 953 people. Comprehensive all included study indicates the anode transcranial direct current stimulation to improve cognitive function (SMD = 0.75, 95% CI = [0.42, 1.08], P < 0.00001); Subgroup analysis suggested that was effective in both mild cognitive impairment(SMD=0.20, 95%CI= [0.02, 0.37], P=0.03) and mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (SMD=0.79, 95%CI=[0.53, 1.04], P < 0.00001). The optimized parameters of transcranial direct current stimulation were unilateral/bilateral frontotemporal parietal lobe, 0.06mA/cm² current density, and ≤20 times of stimulation has been proved to have cognitive benefits. Conclusion: Transcranial direct current stimulation is safe and effective for the treatment of cognitive impairment in mild cognitive impairment and mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. According to current research data, the recommended stimulation site is unilateral/bilateral frontotemporal parietal lobe, and 0.06mA/cm² current density is used in a short-term treatment. More high-quality studies are needed to explore the benefits of higher current densities and prolonged treatment cycles.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and has two major pathological hallmarks as senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that are composed of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides and hyperphosphorylated microtubule associated protein Tau, respectively. CD2AP (CD2-associated protein) is an adaptor protein and involved in intracellular protein trafficking and cytoskeletion reorganization. Recently CD2AP has been identified as a risk factor of AD. Current evidence suggests that CD2AP may affect Aβ production and deposition and mediate Tau neurotoxicity. Moreover, CD2AP may modulate the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and the transport of synaptic vesicles. Further study on the role of CD2AP in AD may strengthen our understanding on the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of AD.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is pathologically characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). An important component of amyloid plaques is β amyloid protein (Aβ). Apolipoprotein E genotype (APOE) has been reported as the biggest genetic risk factor for AD and apolipoprotein E (APOE), the APOE gene-encoded protein, has been suggested to be involved in a variety of pathogenic processes of AD. Human APOE has three major allelic variants: APOE ?2, APOE ?3, and APOE ?4. APOE alleles, especially APOE ?4, promoted inflammatory response and secretion of related cytokines in microglia and astrocytes. APOE interacts with Aβ and promotes its aggregation and deposition in insoluble fibrillar deposits. Beside the Aβ pathology, APOE4 from astrocytes and neurons could facilitate tau phosphorylation, as well as tau-mediated neurodegeneration. In addition, APOE4 is accompanied by greater complement activation and subsequently loss of synapse. Mitochondrial alterations and an increase of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability could be caused by neurotoxic APOE4 fragments. In AD, a triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2)-dependent pathway could activate APOE transcription, which induces the activation of microglia. The regulation of neuroinflammation by microbial communities is also dependent on APOE. In conclusion, APOE has an important impact on the mechanisms of AD, and therapies targeting APOE/APOE receptors or polymers, as well as protective variants, may provide new ideas for the treatment of AD.

The non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic drug (Zolpidem) is used for the short-term treatment of insomnia. However, long-term high-dose use may lead to serious adverse reactions such as dizziness, headache, and falls, and may even result in cognitive decline and abnormal behavior.Furthermore, long-term use of Zolpidem may lead to drug tolerance, dependence, rebound phenomena, and withdrawal symptoms, making discontinuation difficult. Therefore, this review aims to provide a review of the mechanism of action, adverse reactions, tolerance, and special use of Zolpidem. To elucidate the mechanism of Zolpidem's adverse effect to cognitive function,in order to help chronic insomnia patients who use zolpidem long-term to avoid cognitive decline.

Neurodegenerative disease is a kind of chronic progressive disease, which is characterized by the loss of neurons in the nervous system and the abnormal deposition of proteins in living cells. Sleep disorders often occur in neurodegenerative diseases, such as excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and EDS can also be used as a predictor of neurodegenerative diseases. The mechanism between them is still unknown at present. According to the research in recent years, this paper reviews the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative disease and EDS, so as to provide a new field of vision for the related diseases.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, which is clinically characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and still lacks effective treatment method. Therefore, it is urgent to discover new method to intervene the disease. Recently, the role of microglia in AD pathogenesis and its potential therapeutic value for the disease have become the research hotspots. Here, we review the progresses of microglia function, the role of microglia in AD pathogenesis and the potential treatment value for the disease in order to discuss the relationship between microglia and AD pathogenesis as well as the possibility that microglia serves therapeutic target of the disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the chronic degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. The existence of blood-brain barrier hinders the application of drugs, resulting in no effective treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Low-frequency focused ultrasound（LFUS） is a safe and new treatment method, which can play a role in targeted delivery of drugs, opening blood-brain barrier and promoting cerebral blood circulation. This review will summarize the research progress of low-frequency focused ultrasound in the treatment of Alzheimer ' s disease.

Combined exercise and cognitive intervention is a non-pharmacological approach for older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and telerehabilitation provides a home-based intervention for MCI patients through information and communication technology, enhancing intervention compliance and accessibility. Telerehabilitation technology, applied to the combined exercise and cognitive intervention for MCI patients, involves setting personalized goals, implementing telephone supervision and home visits, providing online skill training and video guidance, and family support through interactive technologies, thereby enhancing patient self-efficacy and compliance. Platforms for MCI patients' telerehabilitation interventions include gamification (exergames, serious games), digital and mobile applications (applications, web-based programs, videoconference), etc. The combination modes of physical and cognitive intervention include three types: sequential, dual-task and interactive types. Strategies for telerehabilitation of MCI patients based on health behavior theory emphasize strengthening self-efficacy, personalized precision intervention, enhancing social support, building user-friendly frameworks, and strengthening health beliefs, however, challenges such as safety issues and learning barriers for the older adults in using technological devices persist. The latest developments indicate that physical-cognitive interventions for older adults with MCI, based on telerehabilitation technology, hold significant prospects for flexible, economical, and personalized interventions. Future research should design user-friendly telerehabilitation platforms guided by health behavior theory, considering the characteristics and preferences of MCI patients, and conduct more studies targeting the Chinese MCI population to provide high-level evidence supporting the feasibility and generalizability of intervention programs.

With the aging of the population, the prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment has increased year by year, bringing a huge health and medical burden to the country and becoming an important public health problem. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is also receiving more attention as a risk factor for dementia. Many studies have shown a significant correlation between T2DM and cognitive impairment in epidemiology, clinical, and molecular levels, and even pathogenesis. In recent years, as various neuroimaging techniques gradually mature, multimodal brain imaging plays an increasingly important role in exploring the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes. This article, which is based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), reviews the brain atrophy, white matter microstructural abnormalities, neuronal activation and metabolic changes and vascular injury associated with cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder. At present, its pathogenesis is not clear, among which microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has attracted more and more attention in the pathogenesis of this disease. The inflammatory transcription factor C/EBPβ plays an important role in neuroinflammation. Either endogenous or exogenous factors in AD, most studies have shown that C/EBPβ mainly drives AD pathology through the C/EBPβ/AEP signaling pathway. The pathogenesis of AD is associated with dysregulation of microglia, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Ubiquitin ligases Cop1 and Peli1 can degrade C/EBPβ, reduce inflammation and improve AD pathology. This paper reviews the role and research progress of C/EBPβ in AD, and provides more insights for improving and treating AD symptoms.

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a insidious, rapidly progressive central neurodegenerative disorder, with progressive cognitive dysfunction as the main clinical manifestation. Currently, the imbalance of bile acid homeostasis and abnormal signal transduction are found to be related to the pathogenesis of AD. Therefore, bile acid spectrum is expected to be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target of AD. This study systematically summarized the role of metabolic changes of bile acid profile in the pathogenesis of AD and discussed its potential biomarkers, which provide the new avenue for prevent and cure AD.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease with insidious onset and slow progressive deterioration. Amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are two best-characterized neuropathological lesions associated with AD. However, the pathogenesis of AD is remains unclear. Exosomes are membranous vesicles with a diameter of 50~100 nm, which play an important role in intercellular substance exchange and signal transduction, and show a wide range of effects on neural development, activation and regeneration. Recent studies revealed a strong connection between exosomes and AD. Here, we review basic functions of exosomes and their role in the pathogenesis of AD, emphasizing the effects of exosomes on the pathological processes of Aβ and tau. We believe that exosomes would be a key player in the progression of AD with high potential for being useful as a diagnostic and treatment tool.

Objective: This meta-analysis examined the effects of mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) on cognitive ability, psychological symptoms and life quality of patients with Mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: Three databases including PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Embase were searched online and literatures were screened by inclusion and exclusion criteria. After extracting the data, Revman5.2 was used for analysis. Cochrane Handbook 5.0 quality evaluation standard was used for literature quality evaluation. Revman5.2 statistical software was used for meta-analysis of literature. I2 test was used to analyze the statistical heterogeneity among the results. Results: A total of 9 RCTs were included in the meta-analysis, including 390 person. The current meta-analysis found that mindfulness intervention improved delayed recall (SMD, -0.34; 95%CI, -0.59 to -0.09; P=0.007), language function (SMD, -0.44; 95%CI, -0.84 to -0.04; P=0.03), there was no significant difference in overall cognitive function, executive function, attention, immediate recall, visual-spatial processing function, depression,anxiety and quality of life. Conclusions: Future high-quality studies of different types of mindfulness interventions are needed to better understand the cognitive abilities, psychological symptoms, and quality of life of patients with MCI, and to examine the characteristics of effective interventions.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia (accounting for approximately 60%) and is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. Due to complex pathophysiological process of AD, specific mechanisms of pathogenesis remain controversial. cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) refers to a various group of diseases affecting cerebral small arteries and microvessels. Recent year, increasing evidences support that CSVD is one of risk factors for AD and contributed to the pathogenesis of AD. Previous epidemiological and clinical-pathological studies have investigated relationship between CSVD and AD. This review aimed to describe the association between CSVD with the risk and pathologic change of AD and provide some reference for further research.

This paper reviews the progress of research on the association between ketogenic diet and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Alzheimer's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder that is primarily characterised by impairment of cognitive function. The ketogenic diet, a diet with a high-fat, low-carbohydrate pattern, has been shown to be protective against some neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the effects of the ketogenic diet on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. Studies have shown that the ketogenic diet improves cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease patients, including memory, learning and attention. The ketogenic diet improves cognitive function by regulating energy metabolism and reducing inflammatory responses in the brain. The ketogenic diet also increases the production of neuroprotective factors in the brain, which promotes the survival and functional recovery of nerve cells. However, there are some controversies and limitations in the current research on the association between ketogenic diet and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. The inconsistent results of some studies may be related to factors such as sample size, study design, and duration of dietary intervention. In addition, ketogenic diets may lead to some adverse effects in long-term application, such as elevated cholesterol and increased renal burden. In conclusion, ketogenic diet may have some improvement effects on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease, but further studies are needed to clarify its effectiveness and safety. Future studies should focus on optimising the study design, increasing the sample size and study duration, as well as exploring the long-term effects of the ketogenic diet on cognitive function. In addition, attention should be paid to the applicable population and the optimal timing of intervention for the ketogenic diet in order to achieve the goal of personalised treatment.

This review aims to explore the molecular mechanism and pathophysiological characteristics of neuroinflammation in AD, and summarize the latest advances in drug treatment of neuroinflammation in including glial cell inhibitors (such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, etc.), inflammatory mediator inhibitors (such as monoclonal antibodies, TNF-α inhibitors, etc.), anti-inflammatory siRNA therapy, anti-inflammatory Chinese medicine，etc. The clinical efficacy of the above drugs in the treatment of AD is compared, and their potential mechanisms of action and adverse effects are discussed, which provides a valuable reference for future research and clinical practice.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a chronic progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system, is the most common type of cognitive impairment in the elderly. As a safe and non-invasive brain stimulation technique, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been proved to be effective in improving cognitive function of AD by a large number of studies.This paper reviews the mechanism and clinical studies of rTMS in the treatment of cognitive function of AD in the past decade.The rTMS on cognitive function in patients with AD is unclear, the mechanism of curative effect research mainly focus on regulating synaptic plasticity, regulate gene and protein expression, inhibition of cell apoptosis and regulate blood flow redistribution, etc., clinical research groups have focused on patients with mild-to-moderate and AD and MCI, through neuropsychological assessment scale to assess their language, memory and other cognitive changes.This paper made a review and found that high-frequency rTMS can improve the cognitive areas of AD, such as language, memory and learning ability. However, it is still necessary to expand the sample size, study population type and scope, and extend the follow-up time to further verify the effect of rTMS on the cognitive function of AD patients.

AAlzheimer's disease is the most common type of Dementia disease in China, accounting for about 60%~70% of the total number of Dementia disease. There are 9.83 million AD patients in China at present, and it is predicted that there will be more than 20 million Alzheimer's patients in 2030 and more than 25 million in 2040. More than 30 million people in 2050, with the increase in the number of patients with Alzheimer's disease.,caregivers have become a huge group. Based on the continuous improvement of social living standards, caregivers' psychological pressure has been paid more and more attention by researchers. This article reviews the research progress and nursing intervention methods of the psychological problems of the caregivers of Alzheimer's disease.