According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China in 2023, the population aged > 60 in China is about 280 million, accounting for approximately 19.84% of the total population. Among them, the population aged > 65 is about 210 million, accounting for approximately 14.86% of the total population. China has rapidly entered a deep aging society. The aging population has also brought about a rapid increase in age-related disabilities and diseases, bringing a heavy burden to society and families. Among them, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in the elderly and one of the most common causes of loss of daily living abilities in the elderly. There are currently about 9.83 million AD patients in China, with a severe disease burden, which brings heavy medical, care, and economic burdens to families and society. It has become one of the most expensive, deadly, and burdensome diseases in current healthcare, seriously affecting public health and sustainable social development in China. However, the diagnostic and treatment rates of AD in China are still relatively low. Therefore, strengthening the prevention and treatment of AD, preventing and slowing down the occurrence and development of AD are urgent public health issues.
This report is aimed at the most concerned issues of people and government agency, such as: What is the current basic data on Alzheimer's disease in China? Why is the awareness rate relatively increased but the patient's desire to seek medical treatment relatively low? Are there any effective measures to address this?
This report summarizes the latest data available in various related fields, analyzes the current situation, problems, and trends of AD epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis and treatment, risk factors, rehabilitation care, and disease screening in China, and proposes China's Alzheimer's disease prevention and control strategies, especially emphasized the importance of development of validated tools for screening and early diagnosis, the innovation of new drugs, and building and cultivating a nationwide network of localized social mutual assistance and support.
This report is to aid medical professionals, AD patients, family members and caregivers, government policy makers, elderly care institutions, etc. as they consider performances to provide better support for patients, to propose the formulation of relevant health policies, and to further raise public awareness of AD, to alleviate the overall burden of AD disease, and promote the realization of healthy aging in China.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder with complex etiology, currently lacking effective treatment options. China is among the countries with the largest and fastest-growing elderly population globally, also identified as a high-risk nation for AD. Consequently, early prevention of AD emerges as one of the most crucial endeavors in the fieldof healthcare today. Building upon domestic and international research, we have formulated a Chinese-specific AD early prevention guideline, integrating evidence-based literature, intervention studies, case analyses, experiential insights, and expert consultations, and showcasing the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine, martial arts, health preservation practices, and community organization. This guideline addresses distinctive features of preventive measures and encompasses strategies at the individual, family, and society levels, advocating for proactive lifestyles, social engagement, cognitive training, physical exercise, tobacco cessation and moderate alcohol consumption, nutritional balance, adequate sleep, management of blood pressure, glucose and lipid levels, weight, and other chronic conditions, along with incorporating traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) into primary prevention efforts against AD. This guideline serves as a reference for individuals, families and communities engaged in AD prevention initiatives.

Objective: The aims of the survey on awareness and demands of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the residents of China is to provide the scientifical evidences for the preventive and treatment of AD. Subjects and Methods: The residents aged >18 years from all provinces, cities, autonomous regions, including Hongkong, Macao, Taiwan, in China, were surveyed by using the questionnaire. The data of 20671 residents were analyzed for statistics. Results: The data showed that the awareness rate AD in the residents of China is 95.9%, and it is 91.5% after statistical standardization. The awareness rates are various among the people with different regions, education levels, et al. 87.9% surveyed believe that AD could be prevented; the surveyed residents think that the difficulties encountered for home care patients are mainly manifested in insufficient energy, insufficient care ability and lack of professional elderly care institutions for dementia. The major caregivers of patients are their spouse, accounting for 47.9%. Only 23.3% of surveyed people know the rehabilitation treatment of AD; The awareness rate of caring patients' nutrition is 39%. Among the investigated population, only 12.9% are willing to go to the hospital voluntarily, among which rural residents and residents with low educational background have low desire to go to the hospital voluntarily. Conclusion: The results of this survey provide an important scientific basis to formulate more precise strategies for prevention and management for Alzheimer's disease.

The Alzheimer's Association International Conference (AAIC) 2023 was held in the Netherlands from July 16th to 20th. Nearly 10000 attendees from around the world gathered in Amsterdam to focus on hotspots and frontiers in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia research. The conference featured more than 3000 academic presentations during five days, facilitating in-depth exchanges between researchers through scientific sessions and poster presentations. This article summarizes the globally published Advancements In Treatment, Diagnosis and Risk Reduction Strategies Highlighted at AAIC and presents the latest and the most important advancements at AAIC.

Based on current literature and expert panel discussions, the recommendations for drug treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been updated in accordance with previous guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia and cognitive impairment. The update emphasizes the advancements in anti-Aβ immunotherapy, with the aim of providing a reference for early and comprehensive intervention for AD. The content covers the following key aspects: the principles of AD treatment; symptomatic medications, including cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists; management of behavioral and psychological symptoms; disease-modifying therapies such as Aducanumab, Lecanemab, and Donanemab; the use of Sodium Oligomannate; and the use of traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of Alzheimer disease（AD）in the past thirty years and provide estimates about elderly (aged 60 and over) people with AD in China from 2015 to 2050. Method: Retrieve the Chinese and English data base. Screening published epidemiology surveys of dementia from 1990-2018. Meta-analysis was used to calculate their pooled prevalence. The age-moving method was used to estimate the population aged 60 and over in 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050 based on the data of the sampling survey of 1% of the population in 2015 released by the National bureau of statistics. Pooled prevalence from 2015 to 2017 was used as the basis to estimate the number of elderly people with dementia in the future. Results: The pooled prevalence of AD from 1985 to 2018 was 3.9% (95%CI: 3.4-4.4). 6.6% (95%CI: 4.7-8.6) as the prevalence rate from 2015 to 2018 among them. In 2020, 2030 and 2040, the number of people with AD will be 14.50 million, 20.75 million and 26.87 million. There will be 30.03 million people with AD in 2050. 6.14 million, 9.07 million, 14.82 million as the number of AD patients in different age groups. The number of people with AD will be 2.35 times than that of 2015. Conclusion: The number of AD in China will increase dramatically in the next 30 years without preventive measures.

Dementia/cognitive impairment in elderly persons is often caused by more than one common age-related brain diseases. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease that leads to or contributes to dementia/cognitive impairment. It is the only one of the 10 top deadliest diseases globally that has no curative nor long lasting effective symptom treatments. AD places tremendous burdens on individuals, their families, and the economies of essentially all societies. Early and timely detection and intervention has been increasingly considered to be the best strategy to combat AD. Over the last 3 decades, numerous studies have suggested approaches to reducing the risk of dementia, and up to 40% of dementia cases could be prevented or delayed by addressing risk factors, which are outlined in the 2020 Lancet report on dementia prevention. However, the current global healthcare system is not equipped sufficiently to detect AD early or in a timely fashion. For example, a recent study found that less than 10% of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is diagnosed in primary care setting. Recently, with the full approval of the anti-Amyloid beta (Aβ) antibody drug lecanemab and donanemab for early AD and the publications of ~20-year follow-up studies establishing that modification of risk factors could markedly reduce AD-dementia incidence and increase life span, there is rapidly growing interest in early AD recognition. The Chinese Association of Alzheimer’s Disease (CAAD) recognizes the importance of early and timely detection of AD in an at-home setting and has assembled a global panel of association professionals, clinicians and researchers who are expert in different areas of AD to reach the consensus reported here with the following goals: 1) to provide individuals, family, community, associations and organizations with expert guidance, 2) on the digital tools and available resources for the screen of cognitive impairment/dementia at home and describe a work flow for the next steps for those at risk or suspected of AD, 3) discuss current available or future resources for AD biomarker as at-home screen, and 4) to establish a framework for future improvement and worldwide application if results warrantee such a direction. The experts reviewed the current available evidence, tools, resources and considered the significance of screening for AD at home and the consensus recommendations are reported here.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disease with multiple pathophysiological features, including neurodegeneration, β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition, Tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, glucose metabolism dysfunction, and so forth. To date, there are no effective drugs or methods to stop or delay the progression of the disease. A variety of theoretical hypotheses, including Aβ cascade hypothesis as a dominant mainstream hypothesis, try to elucidate AD pathogenesis. However, AD pathogenesis remains unclear and the development of new drugs against AD encounters serious setback. The thought and method based on ''Reductionism'' philosophy have achieved great success in guiding the research of simple diseases with single or a few pathophysiological characteristics. Nevertheless, it is difficult to guide to the studies of age-related complex diseases with multiple pathophysiological features, such as AD, using the thought and method of ''Reductionism'' philosophy. Neurodegenerative alteration characterized by progressive loss of synapses/neurons and brain atrophy is the only direct basis for the occurrence, progression, and clinical manifestations of AD. The future researches should be devoted to clarify the mechanism of AD neurodegenerative change and its relationship with other multiple pathophysiological characteristics. Only in this way can we truly understand AD pathogenesis and find effective drugs or methods for the disease prevention and treatment.

With further research on Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the application of blood markers as a non-invasive test in the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease course of AD has received extensive attention. This review focuses on the progress of the application of immunoassay methods for blood markers in AD, which provides a comprehensive analysis of the principles, advantages, and limitations of single molecule array, electrochemiluminescence, immunomagnetic reduction, chemiluminescence and immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry technologies in the detection of blood biomarkers for AD. Additionally, it explores how these technologies improve the sensitivity and specificity of detection and standardization of clinical applications.

With the development of researches on anti-amyloid-β(Aβ) monoclonal antibodies(mAbs) and the deeper understanding of disease-modifying therapies, related clinical trials and studies on anti-Aβ mAbs for treating Alzheimer's disease recently have made great progress. Due to successive FDA approval of Aducanumab and Lecanemab (BAN2401), these drugs have been used in clinic. On December 11 2022, Aducanumab was first applied to the treatment of mild Alzheimer's disease for clinical use by the author's team in Lecheng medical pioneer area in Boao Hainan, which officially initiating the anti-Aβ mAbs therapy for Alzheimer's disease in China. This review systematically summarizes the research progress and clinical practice of anti-Aβ mAbs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurological degenerative disease, which seriously affects the cognitive ability and daily living function of patients.With the advancement of artificial intelligence(AI) technologies, there has been increasing research exploring the rapid and efficient application of deep learning, convolutional neural networks, and other AI techniques in the prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of AD. These applications encompass various areas such as imaging analysis, neuropsychological data processing, treatment, and intelligent assistive devices. This paper aims to review the application and research status of artificial intelligence technology in AD. In this review, we compiled the existing artificial intelligence technology in AD image data processing, AD prediction, in AD treatment and AD patients intelligent auxiliary equipment application progress, according to the systematic review and meta analysis preferred systematic literature review and related studies, in July and August 2023, we searched in PubMed, CHKD, database and the cloud library, this step generated 96 non-repeated results. Next, we screened the titles and abstracts of 96 papers and then excluded 50 papers, leaving 46 for a comprehensive analysis. The application of artificial intelligence technology in the diagnosis and treatment of AD has a good application prospect, but some of them lack practicability and generalization, and need to be further optimized.

With the acceleration of population aging in China, the prevalence of dementia in China is rapidly increasing and has become an important public health issue. Considering the limitations of pharmacological treatment in terms of efficacy in improving symptoms and functions of patients with dementia, non-pharmacological treatment has become one of the important elements in the research of dementia and cognitive disorders. In this paper, we will sort out the development of non-pharmacological treatments from four aspects: exercise rehabilitation, psychological intervention, physical therapy, and cognitive function training, and discuss the characteristics and the effects of these treatments, in order to provide references for research and clinical practice related to the prevention and early intervention of dementia.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is becoming a major challenge in global health and social care. Nowadays, significant breakthroughs have been made in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of AD over the past decade. In this review, we summarize and analyze the latest advancements in the field of AD, including prevention, diagnostic biomarkers, and disease-modifying therapies targeting β-amyloid. We propose a three-tiered, comprehensive, and scientific control system for Alzheimer’s disease, providing new perspectives for further understanding and curing the disease.

To cope with the heavy economic and care burden on families and society due to the growing number of elderly people with Alzheimer's disease in China, we will provide relevant professionals with targeted norms and guiding documents. We developed this expert consensus which based on the references of domestic and foreign clinical guidelines, systematic reviews and original research, at the same time, we combined with the practice and experience of domestic clinical and nursing experts in related fields. The consensus include four aspects, the personnel requirements and facilities for dementia patients living at home, the specific content of care for dementia patients, the health resources and policy support of social care and transitional care from home to institution. The consensus will provide guidance and practical support for standardizing the home care of elderly patients with dementia based on community support.

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects people over the age of 85 and is characterised by aphasia, dyscognition and memory impairment. Functional magnetic resonance imaging is an important tool for doctors to diagnose AD. Deep learning has made breakthroughs in the field of sound, image and text data, and its application to fMRI image classification for AD has become a hot research topic. This paper first reviews the concept of deep learning; then introduces several methods in fMRI image classification for AD based on deep learning, including convolutional neural network methods, recurrent neural network methods, and graph neural network methods; and finally provides an outlook on the future development to provide reference for subsequent research.

The Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) aims to study brain imaging and biomarkers that provide information for Alzheimer's disease treatment trials. Through the continuous stages of ADNI-1, ADNI-go, ADNI-2 and ADNI-3, the phenotypic analysis of amyloid and tau and the improvement of neuroimaging methods have successfully realized the standardized analysis and measurement of data, and the unrestricted public sharing of data around the world. This paper reviews ADNI research as follows.

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of intestinal flora abundance in patients with vascular dementia, and to explore the correlation between intestinal flora imbalance and vascular dementia (VaD). Methods: From January 2019 to November 2019, 30 cases of VaD patients caused by large atherosclerotic cerebral infarction were collected from the TOAST classification of the Department of Brain Diseases. 30 patients with normal cognitive function matched by age and gender were used as control group. The feces of all research subjects were collected, DNA was extracted, and 16SrRNA high-throughput sequencing technology was used to detect the composition of the microbiota in the feces after passing the quality inspection, and the abundance of intestinal flora between the two groups was analyzed to compare their differences. Results: (1) A total of 31 bacterial genera were annotated with Operational Taxonomic Units(OTUs) sequences. Compared with the control group, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Escherichia-Shigella were abundant in the VaD group. The abundance of Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus is higher in the control group, and the abundance of the two groups of bacteria is different (P<0.05). (2) The distribution of sample community structure showed that the abundance of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli was higher in the VaD group; Bifidobacterium, Roseburia in the control group, Routerella are more abundant; Klebsiella, Barnesiella, Microbacteria,Collinsella are abundant,The degree is low in the two groups, the control group is lower than the VaD group, the difference is statistically significant. (3) Through boxplot analysis, at the genus level, the abundance of the intestinal flora of the VaD group is lower than that of the control group; Blautia(P=0.032),Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group (P=0.002), Ruminococcaceae_UCG?014 (P=0.001) in the control group, the abundance is higher; Escherichia-Shigella(P=0.001),Klebsiella (P=0.014), Prevotella_9(P=0.02) have higher abundance in VaD group;(4) Lefse analysis shows Proteobacteria, Succinivibrionaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Shigella are more abundant in VaD group and are the dominant genus; Veronococcus, Lauterella, Prevotella In the control group, the abundance of spirulina and Lacetospirillaceae is the dominant genus. Conclusion: There are changes in the abundance of intestinal flora in patients with vascular dementia, and intestinal flora may be imbalanced. It is speculated that the intestinal flora and its metabolites are involved in the pathological process and development of vascular dementia.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, but the exact pathogenesis is still under investigation. Therefore, it is difficult to early identify and make the appropriate intervention. Easily available, economical, and effective biomarkers are urgently needed to improve clinical diagnosis and treatment. In recent years, the development of blood-based biomarkers in AD has developed vigorously, and it may be able to completely change the status of the diagnosis and treatment of AD in the near future. Here we presents an overview of the latest advances in the blood-based biomarkers of AD and its potential clinical implementation.

With the aging population, the number of patients with dementia rises sharply. It brings serious medical and economic burdens to society. The early screening and intervention of cognitive impairment are widely regarded as a key strategy in disease management, which will influence the prognosis of cognitive impairment. The neuropsychological scale plays an indispensable role in the screening of patients with cognitive impairment. At present, there is no perfect cognitive screening scale, and the sensitivity and specificity of various screening tools vary greatly. This article aimed to review the sensitivity, specificity and time efficiency of more than 10 clinically commonly used and newly developed cognitive screening scales, and find the further development direction of new screening scales.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that causes irreversible cognitive decline. The pathogenesis of AD is complex, with the main pathological features being the deposition of β-amyloid polypeptide (Aβ) and tau fibrillary tangles. In addition, inflammatory mechanisms have recently gained attention from AD researchers. The diagnostic framework for Alzheimer's disease has been revised by Alzheimer's Association International Conference 2023, expanding the traditional Amyloid, Tau, and Neurodegeneration (ATN) framework to ATNIVS. The letter “I” has been added to represent the inflammatory mechanism. This suggests that neuroinflammation could be used as a targeted strategy for AD disease diagnosis or drug treatment. Currently, the relationship between inflammation and AD is complex. Inflammatory factors may serve as biomarkers for predicting the onset of preclinical AD, as well as potentially exacerbating AD neuropathy. This article will discuss the clinical value of inflammatory factors in the progression of AD and related research as early diagnostic biomarkers，including the types and functions of inflammatory factors such as interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, and chemokines. It also explores the relationship between inflammation and glial cells and neurons, and the potential of inflammation as a biomarker for early diagnosis of AD. The study of the relationship between neuroinflammation and AD disease progression is significant for understanding the role of neuroinflammation in AD. It is important to use precise subject-specific vocabulary when it conveys the meaning more precisely than a similar non-technical term.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory impairment and cognitive decline, which ultimately affects speech, behavior, visual spatial localization and motor system. The deposition of A β to a certain dose will initiate some mechanisms to cause pathological changes and lead to memory loss. Oxidative stress and inflammation play important roles in many mechanisms. In recent years, it has been found that the activation of microglia and astrocytes can promote neuroinflammatory response and cause neuronal damage. This paper systematically collates and summarizes the effects of microglia and astrocytes on AD and the regulation of traditional Chinese medicine on neuroinflammation in the treatment of AD, in order to provide some theoretical reference for the treatment and further research of AD.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative condition that warrants attention from all individuals, given its widespread prevalence and profound societal burden. As the population of elderly individuals continues to rise, the incidence of AD is steadily increasing. Conventional pharmacotherapeutic interventions offer only transient amelioration of certain AD symptoms, failing to halt the inexorable progression of the disease. Over the past two decades, extensive efforts have been made to develop anti-AD drugs with disease modifying potentials but all of which have been failed. Consequently, AD has long been perceived as an incurable affliction. However, lecanemab, a monoclonal antibody that targets aggregated amyloid-beta (Aβ), has demonstrated efficacy in slowing the progression of AD in a rigorously conducted randomized, double-blind, multi-center phase 3 clinical trial. This landmark advancement signifies AD as a modifiable condition, with aberrant Aβ aggregation serving as a pivotal etiological factor. This breakthrough holds epochal significance for both theoretical understanding and therapeutic modalities, heralding a transformative epoch in humanity's pursuit to conquer AD. In this review, we endeavor to summarize the cutting-edge advancements in AD research, with the aim of augmenting societal awareness and comprehension of this disease.

This review aims to explore the molecular mechanism and pathophysiological characteristics of neuroinflammation in AD, and summarize the latest advances in drug treatment of neuroinflammation in including glial cell inhibitors (such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, etc.), inflammatory mediator inhibitors (such as monoclonal antibodies, TNF-α inhibitors, etc.), anti-inflammatory siRNA therapy, anti-inflammatory Chinese medicine，etc. The clinical efficacy of the above drugs in the treatment of AD is compared, and their potential mechanisms of action and adverse effects are discussed, which provides a valuable reference for future research and clinical practice.

Objective: Observation of the therapeutic effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and intermittent complex stimulation (iTBS) on depression and cognitive improvement in elderly patients. Methods: Fifty elderly patients with depressive disorders were selected and randomly divided into a 10Hz high-frequency rTMS group and an iTBS group. After receiving treatment with 100mg/day of sertraline, 10 patients were treated with 10Hz high-frequency rTMS and iTBS, respectively. Finally, 20 patients were removed from each group. The results were compared and analyzed for the efficacy of different treatment modes between the two groups. Results: After 10 treatments, there was no statistically significant difference in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) between the two treatment methods (P>0.05), while after 20 treatments, there was a statistically significant difference in HAMD between the two treatment, methods (P<0.01). Compared before and after the two treatments, the HAMD values after 10 and 20 treatments were lower than those at admission (P<0.01), and the relief of depressive symptoms was more significant after 20 treatments than after 10 treatments. There was no statistically significant difference in baseline TMT1, TMT2, MoCA, and VFT between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05), and there was no statistically significant difference in TMT1, TMT2, MoCA, and VFT after 20 treatments (P>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups before and after treatment. Conclusion: Both modes of transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with sertraline are effective in treating elderly depression. After 20 treatments, the HAMD score of the 10Hz high-frequency group decreased significantly compared to the iTBS group. The 10Hz group had better relief of depressive symptoms than the iTBs group, and both treatments had an improvement effect on cognition, with no statistically significant difference in efficacy.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory impairment and cognitive decline, which ultimately affects speech, behavior, visual spatial localization and motor system. The deposition of A β to a certain dose will initiate some mechanisms to cause pathological changes and lead to memory loss. Oxidative stress and inflammation play important roles in many mechanisms. In recent years, it has been found that the activation of microglia and astrocytes can promote neuroinflammatory response and cause neuronal damage. This paper systematically collates and summarizes the effects of microglia and astrocytes on AD and the regulation of traditional Chinese medicine on neuroinflammation in the treatment of AD, in order to provide some theoretical reference for the treatment and further research of AD.

AAlzheimer's disease is the most common type of Dementia disease in China, accounting for about 60%~70% of the total number of Dementia disease. There are 9.83 million AD patients in China at present, and it is predicted that there will be more than 20 million Alzheimer's patients in 2030 and more than 25 million in 2040. More than 30 million people in 2050, with the increase in the number of patients with Alzheimer's disease.,caregivers have become a huge group. Based on the continuous improvement of social living standards, caregivers' psychological pressure has been paid more and more attention by researchers. This article reviews the research progress and nursing intervention methods of the psychological problems of the caregivers of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer’s disease is a huge societal issue and places a serious economic burden on the ever-aging society. Although tremendous progresses have been made in the early detection, diagnosis and treatment which bring new options and hope for patients and their families, transformative early detection, diagnosis and treatment are still being developed. Here we report the current state of AD early detection, diagnosis and drug development where promising progress are made and hopefully revolutionary therapies will be developed soon to solve this global issues with the help of timely detection, early diagnosis and precision neurology through targeting immunoneurology/multi-mechanisms and cocktail medicine.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common of dementia, and there is a lack of effective early diagnosis. Pathophysiological changes in Aβ and Tau proteins were early events of AD, but the correlation between their biomarkers and the severity of dementia was weak. Synaptic loss is proved to be the outcome event of early pathophysiological changes in AD. EEG can monitor the function of brain synapses in real time and serve as an electrophysiological marker of AD. The purpose of this paper is to review the application and research progress of EEG in Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: This study was designed to explore the potential mechanism of tryptophan and its metabolites on Alzheimer's disease (AD) of neurodegenerative diseases based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. Methods: According to database screening and literature investigation, tryptophan and its metabolites were selected as research objects, and their possible action targets were screened by Swiss Target Prediction network platform, the targets related to AD were obtained through GeneCards, OMIM and TTD databases, and their intersection was screened by Venny 2.1 platform. “target compounds - targets” network diagram was formed by Cytoscape 3.9.1 software. String platform was chosen to analyze the Protein-protein interaction (PPI). Cytoscape 3.9.1 software as a tool to construct PPI network diagram, key targets were screened by the values of degree, closeness and betweenness, Gene ontology (GO) function and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of intersection were performed by DAVID database. The structures of targets and compounds were obtained through RCSB PDB and PubChem databases, and molecular docking was performed using pymol software and autodock vina software. Results: The 11 target substances were selected, including N-formylkynurenine, melatonin, anthranilic acid, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, cinnabarinic acid, quinolinic acid, tryptamine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. Eighty intersection genes were screened. There were 475 GO analysis and 120 KEGG analysis related to AD. This study screened key target proteins, such as MMP9、NR3C1、PTGS2、MAPK1 and EGFR. The results also suggested that some main signaling pathways were involved into the pathogenesis of AD, including dopaminergic synapse, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, prostate cancer, cAMP signaling pathway and FOXO signaling pathway and so on. The results of molecular docking showed that tryptophan and its metabolites had high binding activity to AD key targets and stable docking conformation. Conclusion: Tryptophan and its metabolites play a role in the prevention and treatment of AD through multi-target and multi-pathway.

The guidelines for prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease are set up, based on the evidences, especially from China. The basic principles of the guidelines for preventing Alzheimer’s Disease are early preventing, prevention without delay, keeping up preventing, and comprehensive prevention. The preventive strategies on the multi-risk-factors of Alzheimer’s Disease are paid special attention to in the guidelines. The research on guidelines is incomplete. However, it is reasonable to provide preliminary guidance to help individuals who wish to reduce their risk of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Combined exercise and cognitive intervention is a non-pharmacological approach for older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and telerehabilitation provides a home-based intervention for MCI patients through information and communication technology, enhancing intervention compliance and accessibility. Telerehabilitation technology, applied to the combined exercise and cognitive intervention for MCI patients, involves setting personalized goals, implementing telephone supervision and home visits, providing online skill training and video guidance, and family support through interactive technologies, thereby enhancing patient self-efficacy and compliance. Platforms for MCI patients' telerehabilitation interventions include gamification (exergames, serious games), digital and mobile applications (applications, web-based programs, videoconference), etc. The combination modes of physical and cognitive intervention include three types: sequential, dual-task and interactive types. Strategies for telerehabilitation of MCI patients based on health behavior theory emphasize strengthening self-efficacy, personalized precision intervention, enhancing social support, building user-friendly frameworks, and strengthening health beliefs, however, challenges such as safety issues and learning barriers for the older adults in using technological devices persist. The latest developments indicate that physical-cognitive interventions for older adults with MCI, based on telerehabilitation technology, hold significant prospects for flexible, economical, and personalized interventions. Future research should design user-friendly telerehabilitation platforms guided by health behavior theory, considering the characteristics and preferences of MCI patients, and conduct more studies targeting the Chinese MCI population to provide high-level evidence supporting the feasibility and generalizability of intervention programs.