Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in the elderly. The main pathogenesis of AD includes brain Aβ deposition, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, neuronal oxidative stress, and cerebral microcirculation disorders. In recent years, increasing evidence suggests that the liver is closely related to the pathogenesis of AD. The liver is not only the main organ for peripheral Aβ clearance, but also can affect the pathological changes of AD in the brain through a variety of ways, including cognition, emotion, cerebral perfusion and brain metabolism. This article summarizes the research on the liver's roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of AD, hoping to find more effective treatment methods for AD from the perspective of liver intervention.

With the intensifying global aging population, the number of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is expected to increase sharply. Phase 3 clinical trials of anti-Aβ antibodies, lecanemab and donanemab have shown positive results, successfully slowing the progression of AD by approximately 30%. Although this progress is encouraging, we still need to explore more innovative treatment strategies to achieve a complete cure for AD. In recent years, the characterization of tRNA modification deficiency has become one of the hotspots in the field of AD research due to the rapid development of tRNA sequencing technology. As an important participant in protein translation, the deficiency of tRNA modification leads to a decrease in tRNA structural stability, protein translation efficiency and accuracy. The deficiency of tRNA modification can participate in AD progression through abnormal accumulation of misfolded proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction. Studies have shown that overexpression of low-modification tRNAs can restore protein homeostasis and treat peripheral neuropathy, so combing out the deficiency of tRNA modifications in AD could help to discover new therapeutic treatments. Recent advances in the deficiencies of U34, m5C, and m1A modifications of tRNAs in AD are reviewed, emphasizing the importance of targeting tRNAs for the treatment of AD.

As one of the most disabling non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, cognitive impairment lacks clear drug treatment, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and increases the burden on caregivers and social families, so it should be paid attention to. As an objective indicator, neuroimaging can help clinicians and researchers detect the occurrence of Parkinson's-related cognitive impairment as early as possible. From the perspective of neuroimaging, the research progress of Parkinson's disease-subjective cognitive decline (PD-SCD), Parkinson's disease-mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), and Parkinson's dementia (PD-D) is reviewed. After the search, it was found that the current diagnostic criteria for PD-SCD are not clear, but a wide range of objective functional and structural changes can be found; In addition to being clearly related to the function of the Parkinson's dopamine system, the white matter changes of PD-MCI have been related to memory-related structures such as the hippocampus. On the basis of PD-MCI, the white matter lesions of PD-D were further deepened, the gray matter atrophy was obvious, and the changes in brain network function included the impairment of the basic perceptual system.

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease with insidious onset, and Electroacupuncture is one way to treat Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, this article intends to summarize the experimental research on electroacupuncture treatment of Alzheimer's disease in mice in recent years, in order to provide reference for further exploring the pathogenesis of electroacupuncture treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

The prevalence of depression in the oldest-old population is higher. The symptoms are dominated by somatic manifestations and are easily overlooked and misdiagnosed, becoming a critical mental health situation. Routine assessment of mood status can help to develop adequate interventions for these old people, and appropriate psychotherapy and antidepressants are commonly recommended for old patients with depressive disorders. This review focuses on the developments of clinical research on old-elderly depression, hoping to provide a reference for clinical management.

This review aims to explore the molecular mechanism and pathophysiological characteristics of neuroinflammation in AD, and summarize the latest advances in drug treatment of neuroinflammation in including glial cell inhibitors (such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, etc.), inflammatory mediator inhibitors (such as monoclonal antibodies, TNF-α inhibitors, etc.), anti-inflammatory siRNA therapy, anti-inflammatory Chinese medicine，etc. The clinical efficacy of the above drugs in the treatment of AD is compared, and their potential mechanisms of action and adverse effects are discussed, which provides a valuable reference for future research and clinical practice.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently a major disease that affects human life. Exploring the causes of Alzheimer's disease and seeking treatment methods are an important work for scholars in this field. Currently, a flicker stimulation therapy, which reduces β-amyloid protein through gamma oscillations to achieve the treatment of AD, has made preliminary progress, and is expected to become a new direction of AD treatment. This study introduces the scheme and principle of flicker frequency therapy for Alzheimer's disease, expounds the effect of 40Hz flicker stimulation on cerebral cortex activity, and analyzes the current limitations of this scheme, aiming to provide ideas and references for further clinical research.

The non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic drug (Zolpidem) is used for the short-term treatment of insomnia. However, long-term high-dose use may lead to serious adverse reactions such as dizziness, headache, and falls, and may even result in cognitive decline and abnormal behavior.Furthermore, long-term use of Zolpidem may lead to drug tolerance, dependence, rebound phenomena, and withdrawal symptoms, making discontinuation difficult. Therefore, this review aims to provide a review of the mechanism of action, adverse reactions, tolerance, and special use of Zolpidem. To elucidate the mechanism of Zolpidem's adverse effect to cognitive function,in order to help chronic insomnia patients who use zolpidem long-term to avoid cognitive decline.

With further research on Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the application of blood markers as a non-invasive test in the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease course of AD has received extensive attention. This review focuses on the progress of the application of immunoassay methods for blood markers in AD, which provides a comprehensive analysis of the principles, advantages, and limitations of single molecule array, electrochemiluminescence, immunomagnetic reduction, chemiluminescence and immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry technologies in the detection of blood biomarkers for AD. Additionally, it explores how these technologies improve the sensitivity and specificity of detection and standardization of clinical applications.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that causes irreversible cognitive decline. The pathogenesis of AD is complex, with the main pathological features being the deposition of β-amyloid polypeptide (Aβ) and tau fibrillary tangles. In addition, inflammatory mechanisms have recently gained attention from AD researchers. The diagnostic framework for Alzheimer's disease has been revised by Alzheimer's Association International Conference 2023, expanding the traditional Amyloid, Tau, and Neurodegeneration (ATN) framework to ATNIVS. The letter “I” has been added to represent the inflammatory mechanism. This suggests that neuroinflammation could be used as a targeted strategy for AD disease diagnosis or drug treatment. Currently, the relationship between inflammation and AD is complex. Inflammatory factors may serve as biomarkers for predicting the onset of preclinical AD, as well as potentially exacerbating AD neuropathy. This article will discuss the clinical value of inflammatory factors in the progression of AD and related research as early diagnostic biomarkers，including the types and functions of inflammatory factors such as interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, and chemokines. It also explores the relationship between inflammation and glial cells and neurons, and the potential of inflammation as a biomarker for early diagnosis of AD. The study of the relationship between neuroinflammation and AD disease progression is significant for understanding the role of neuroinflammation in AD. It is important to use precise subject-specific vocabulary when it conveys the meaning more precisely than a similar non-technical term.

The treatment of mild cognitive impairment remains a challenging aspect of geriatric healthcare. Based on the theory of "treating brain disease through ear" in traditional Chinese medicine, a novel neural modulation technique known as transcutaneous auricular acupoint vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has emerged as a promising adjunctive therapy for a range of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Recently, research has demonstrated its effectiveness in mild cognitive impairment. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the current research status of taVNS in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment both domestically and internationally. It focuses on the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of taVNS, presenting its research achievements, and proposes further research directions in this field. This will provide a novel and referential approach for non-pharmacological therapies for MCI, offering a new technique to improve cognitive function and enhance the quality of life for a vast number of elderly patients.

This paper reviews the progress of research on the association between ketogenic diet and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Alzheimer's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder that is primarily characterised by impairment of cognitive function. The ketogenic diet, a diet with a high-fat, low-carbohydrate pattern, has been shown to be protective against some neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the effects of the ketogenic diet on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. Studies have shown that the ketogenic diet improves cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease patients, including memory, learning and attention. The ketogenic diet improves cognitive function by regulating energy metabolism and reducing inflammatory responses in the brain. The ketogenic diet also increases the production of neuroprotective factors in the brain, which promotes the survival and functional recovery of nerve cells. However, there are some controversies and limitations in the current research on the association between ketogenic diet and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. The inconsistent results of some studies may be related to factors such as sample size, study design, and duration of dietary intervention. In addition, ketogenic diets may lead to some adverse effects in long-term application, such as elevated cholesterol and increased renal burden. In conclusion, ketogenic diet may have some improvement effects on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease, but further studies are needed to clarify its effectiveness and safety. Future studies should focus on optimising the study design, increasing the sample size and study duration, as well as exploring the long-term effects of the ketogenic diet on cognitive function. In addition, attention should be paid to the applicable population and the optimal timing of intervention for the ketogenic diet in order to achieve the goal of personalised treatment.

With the acceleration of population aging in China, the prevalence of dementia in China is rapidly increasing and has become an important public health issue. Considering the limitations of pharmacological treatment in terms of efficacy in improving symptoms and functions of patients with dementia, non-pharmacological treatment has become one of the important elements in the research of dementia and cognitive disorders. In this paper, we will sort out the development of non-pharmacological treatments from four aspects: exercise rehabilitation, psychological intervention, physical therapy, and cognitive function training, and discuss the characteristics and the effects of these treatments, in order to provide references for research and clinical practice related to the prevention and early intervention of dementia.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurological degenerative disease, which seriously affects the cognitive ability and daily living function of patients.With the advancement of artificial intelligence(AI) technologies, there has been increasing research exploring the rapid and efficient application of deep learning, convolutional neural networks, and other AI techniques in the prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of AD. These applications encompass various areas such as imaging analysis, neuropsychological data processing, treatment, and intelligent assistive devices. This paper aims to review the application and research status of artificial intelligence technology in AD. In this review, we compiled the existing artificial intelligence technology in AD image data processing, AD prediction, in AD treatment and AD patients intelligent auxiliary equipment application progress, according to the systematic review and meta analysis preferred systematic literature review and related studies, in July and August 2023, we searched in PubMed, CHKD, database and the cloud library, this step generated 96 non-repeated results. Next, we screened the titles and abstracts of 96 papers and then excluded 50 papers, leaving 46 for a comprehensive analysis. The application of artificial intelligence technology in the diagnosis and treatment of AD has a good application prospect, but some of them lack practicability and generalization, and need to be further optimized.

Combined exercise and cognitive intervention is a non-pharmacological approach for older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and telerehabilitation provides a home-based intervention for MCI patients through information and communication technology, enhancing intervention compliance and accessibility. Telerehabilitation technology, applied to the combined exercise and cognitive intervention for MCI patients, involves setting personalized goals, implementing telephone supervision and home visits, providing online skill training and video guidance, and family support through interactive technologies, thereby enhancing patient self-efficacy and compliance. Platforms for MCI patients' telerehabilitation interventions include gamification (exergames, serious games), digital and mobile applications (applications, web-based programs, videoconference), etc. The combination modes of physical and cognitive intervention include three types: sequential, dual-task and interactive types. Strategies for telerehabilitation of MCI patients based on health behavior theory emphasize strengthening self-efficacy, personalized precision intervention, enhancing social support, building user-friendly frameworks, and strengthening health beliefs, however, challenges such as safety issues and learning barriers for the older adults in using technological devices persist. The latest developments indicate that physical-cognitive interventions for older adults with MCI, based on telerehabilitation technology, hold significant prospects for flexible, economical, and personalized interventions. Future research should design user-friendly telerehabilitation platforms guided by health behavior theory, considering the characteristics and preferences of MCI patients, and conduct more studies targeting the Chinese MCI population to provide high-level evidence supporting the feasibility and generalizability of intervention programs.

With the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease(AD) and the growing memory crisis, there is a significant need for early AD based diagnostic aids. Medical imaging technology is an effective tool to assist in AD screening in the early stages, where hypergraphs excel in the task of classifying AD. In hypergraphs, hyperedges can connect multiple nodes, which makes hypergraphs more suitable for representing complex relationships and structures. In medical imaging technology, hypergraphs are able to model multivariate relationships more accurately, with a strong ability to portray and mine nonlinear higher-order associations between data samples. This paper summarises the research results based on brain functional hypernetworks, focusing on three methods: graph kernels, matrix analysis and deep learning, and concludes with an outlook on future developments to provide a reference for subsequent research.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory impairment and cognitive decline, which ultimately affects speech, behavior, visual spatial localization and motor system. The deposition of A β to a certain dose will initiate some mechanisms to cause pathological changes and lead to memory loss. Oxidative stress and inflammation play important roles in many mechanisms. In recent years, it has been found that the activation of microglia and astrocytes can promote neuroinflammatory response and cause neuronal damage. This paper systematically collates and summarizes the effects of microglia and astrocytes on AD and the regulation of traditional Chinese medicine on neuroinflammation in the treatment of AD, in order to provide some theoretical reference for the treatment and further research of AD.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment, making it one of the leading causes of dementia. With the increasing global aging population, AD has emerged as one of the costliest and deadliest diseases of this century, yet effective treatments are still lacking. In recent years, various non-invasive approaches, including biophysical stimulation techniques, have been developed and applied for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. These techniques involve methods such as ultrasound, light, electrical, and magnetic stimulation, offering new avenues for addressing AD.This article introduces non-invasive multisensory stimulation therapies (NIMST) for AD and reviews their impact on cognitive performance in AD animal models and AD patients, as well as the research progress on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying their potential to ameliorate AD pathology. Finally, the article discusses the current limitations of non-invasive multisensory stimulation therapies and offers insights into future research directions, aiming to provide more effective treatment strategies for AD in the future.

Objective: To investigate the characteristic of rapid progressive dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), improve the knowledge of DLB for clinicians. Methods: we collected the clinical data, neuropsychological data and brain neuroimages of a case of DLB and reviewed relative articles. Results: The patient showed rapid progressive dementia with motor symptoms, vivid visual hallucinations, and rapid eye movement sleep disorder at night, which is consistent with the characteristic manifestations of Lewy body dementia. After treatment, the symptoms improved significantly, the patient had severe cognitive decline and inability to communicate in the begging, but he could carry out simple communication when he got out of hospital, he could walk by himself from bed in the begging to self-care when he left hospital. Conclusion: Some patients with Lewy body dementia may present with rapid progression of dementia. The identification of the characteristic symptomatology of Lewy body dementia is helpful for the diagnosis of Lewy body dementia.

AAlzheimer's disease is the most common type of Dementia disease in China, accounting for about 60%~70% of the total number of Dementia disease. There are 9.83 million AD patients in China at present, and it is predicted that there will be more than 20 million Alzheimer's patients in 2030 and more than 25 million in 2040. More than 30 million people in 2050, with the increase in the number of patients with Alzheimer's disease.,caregivers have become a huge group. Based on the continuous improvement of social living standards, caregivers' psychological pressure has been paid more and more attention by researchers. This article reviews the research progress and nursing intervention methods of the psychological problems of the caregivers of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory impairment and cognitive decline, which ultimately affects speech, behavior, visual spatial localization and motor system. The deposition of A β to a certain dose will initiate some mechanisms to cause pathological changes and lead to memory loss. Oxidative stress and inflammation play important roles in many mechanisms. In recent years, it has been found that the activation of microglia and astrocytes can promote neuroinflammatory response and cause neuronal damage. This paper systematically collates and summarizes the effects of microglia and astrocytes on AD and the regulation of traditional Chinese medicine on neuroinflammation in the treatment of AD, in order to provide some theoretical reference for the treatment and further research of AD.

Neurodegenerative disease is a kind of chronic progressive disease, which is characterized by the loss of neurons in the nervous system and the abnormal deposition of proteins in living cells. Sleep disorders often occur in neurodegenerative diseases, such as excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and EDS can also be used as a predictor of neurodegenerative diseases. The mechanism between them is still unknown at present. According to the research in recent years, this paper reviews the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative disease and EDS, so as to provide a new field of vision for the related diseases.

The Alzheimer's Association International Conference (AAIC) 2023 was held in the Netherlands from July 16th to 20th. Nearly 10000 attendees from around the world gathered in Amsterdam to focus on hotspots and frontiers in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia research. The conference featured more than 3000 academic presentations during five days, facilitating in-depth exchanges between researchers through scientific sessions and poster presentations. This article summarizes the globally published Advancements In Treatment, Diagnosis and Risk Reduction Strategies Highlighted at AAIC and presents the latest and the most important advancements at AAIC.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is pathologically characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). An important component of amyloid plaques is β amyloid protein (Aβ). Apolipoprotein E genotype (APOE) has been reported as the biggest genetic risk factor for AD and apolipoprotein E (APOE), the APOE gene-encoded protein, has been suggested to be involved in a variety of pathogenic processes of AD. Human APOE has three major allelic variants: APOE ?2, APOE ?3, and APOE ?4. APOE alleles, especially APOE ?4, promoted inflammatory response and secretion of related cytokines in microglia and astrocytes. APOE interacts with Aβ and promotes its aggregation and deposition in insoluble fibrillar deposits. Beside the Aβ pathology, APOE4 from astrocytes and neurons could facilitate tau phosphorylation, as well as tau-mediated neurodegeneration. In addition, APOE4 is accompanied by greater complement activation and subsequently loss of synapse. Mitochondrial alterations and an increase of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability could be caused by neurotoxic APOE4 fragments. In AD, a triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2)-dependent pathway could activate APOE transcription, which induces the activation of microglia. The regulation of neuroinflammation by microbial communities is also dependent on APOE. In conclusion, APOE has an important impact on the mechanisms of AD, and therapies targeting APOE/APOE receptors or polymers, as well as protective variants, may provide new ideas for the treatment of AD.

Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia is a neurodegenerative disease with behavioral and personality changes as the main clinical features. It is a clinically heterogeneous syndrome with a high degree of heritability, and is the most common type of frontotemporal dementia, which is often misdiagnosed and underdiagnosed due to a lack of awareness and overlap with psychiatric disorders. This article describes the advances in the research related to behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia from the perspectives of genetics, clinical manifestations, and differential diagnosis, with an emphasis on improving the accuracy of the diagnosis and the strategies for managing problematic symptoms.

Ischemic stroke (AIS) is the most common subtype of stroke. Researches have shown that AIS can cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP), which leads to CSF circulation dysfunction and ultimately affect neurological function. The secretion, transportation, exchange with interstitial fluid and lymphatic drainage of CSF after AIS may all contribute to the development of CSF circulation dysfunction. There is no direct evidence suggests an increase in CSF secretion after AIS. The glial lymphatic pathway (GS) is the unique CSF transport and exchange pathway in the central nervous system. After AIS, abnormalities such as CSF influx and outflow into the brain parenchyma, impaired material exchange with interstitial fluid (ISF), and congestion of the perivascular space (PVS) can occur, leading to reduced clearance of brain metabolic waste and deposition of toxic products. After AIS, the victim may promote the drainage of ISF and CSF through compensatory Lymphatic vessel hyperplasia, and alleviates the damage caused by CSF circulation dysfunction. The dysfunction of GS after AIS and the corresponding disturbance of CSF circulation may be the key pathophysiological pathways of stroke recurrence, amyloid Aβ deposition and cognitive impairment. The disturbance of CSF circulation after AIS deserves further study.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with insidious onset. The pathogenesis of AD is very complex and may be the result of multifactorial interaction.The β-amyloid (Aβ) cascade hypothesis is currently the classic theory of its pathogenesis. The abnormal accumulation of Aβ is closely related to the occurrence and development of the disease. Under the guidance of this theory, a large number of drug research has been invested, and most of the research takes Aβ as a target to try to prevent or delay the occurrence and development of AD.This article elaborates on the research on different forms of amyloid antibodies in abroad, hoping to help researchers understand the current status of amyloid-related antibody drug research and provide ideas for the future development of new AD drugs.

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by comprehensive dementia symptoms such as memory dysfunction, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, impaired visual and spatial skills, motor dysfunction, and personality and behavioral changes, but patients are not always aware of this impairment. This article reviews the concept, clinical features, diagnostic methods, pathophysiology and imaging manifestations of anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease patients in recent years, so as to improve the understanding and knowledge of the symptoms of anosognosia in Alzheimer's patients.

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects people over the age of 85 and is characterised by aphasia, dyscognition and memory impairment. Functional magnetic resonance imaging is an important tool for doctors to diagnose AD. Deep learning has made breakthroughs in the field of sound, image and text data, and its application to fMRI image classification for AD has become a hot research topic. This paper first reviews the concept of deep learning; then introduces several methods in fMRI image classification for AD based on deep learning, including convolutional neural network methods, recurrent neural network methods, and graph neural network methods; and finally provides an outlook on the future development to provide reference for subsequent research.

With the development of researches on anti-amyloid-β(Aβ) monoclonal antibodies(mAbs) and the deeper understanding of disease-modifying therapies, related clinical trials and studies on anti-Aβ mAbs for treating Alzheimer's disease recently have made great progress. Due to successive FDA approval of Aducanumab and Lecanemab (BAN2401), these drugs have been used in clinic. On December 11 2022, Aducanumab was first applied to the treatment of mild Alzheimer's disease for clinical use by the author's team in Lecheng medical pioneer area in Boao Hainan, which officially initiating the anti-Aβ mAbs therapy for Alzheimer's disease in China. This review systematically summarizes the research progress and clinical practice of anti-Aβ mAbs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: To study the impact of multidisciplinary team-based comprehensive nursing interventions on the life quality and cognitive function of Alzheimer disease patients. Methods: 88 Alzheimer disease patients treated from August 2018 to August 2019 in our hospital were selected as research subjects. According to random number table, patients were divided into two groups, 44 cases in each group. 44 cases of receiving the routine nursing were set as control group; 44 cases of receiving the multidisciplinary team-based comprehensive nursing interventions were set as intervention group. Life quality, cognitive function and mental state were probed. Results: Before care, ADL (activity of daily living scale) scores between groups were not significantly different (P>0.05); after care, ADL scores in intervention group were higher than control group (P<0.05); before care, MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), CDR (clinical dementia rating) and CASI (cognitive abilities screening instrument) scores between groups were not significantly different (P>0.05); after care, MoCA and CASI scores in intervention group were higher than control group; CDR scores were lower than control group (P<0.05); before care, HAMA (Hamilton Anxiety Scale) and HAMD (Hamilton Depression Scale) scores between groups were not significantly different (P>0.05); after care, HAMD and HAMD scores in intervention group were lower than control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The multidisciplinary team-based comprehensive nursing interventions can remarkably improve the patient's cognitive function, mental state and life quality. It is worthy of clinical application and promotion.

Objective: Rapid progressive dementia (RPD) is a kind of dementia syndrome with rapid progress. This paper reports a case of atypical cognitive impairment with rapid progress and discuss the reasons for the misdiagnosis of this type of cases. Methods: The diagnosis and treatment of a suspected RPD patient admitted to our hospital on November 17, 2021 were analyzed, and the related research progress was reviewed. The reliability of the diagnosis was retrospectively analyzed by comparing with domestic and international diagnostic criteria as well as literature for RPD, combined with symptoms, signs, a series of neuropsychological scales, cranial MR and other auxiliary examination results. Results: The diagnosis of rapidly progressive cognitive impairment in this case is questionable and has complex causes. Conclusion: The importance of consultation with caregivers and informed persons is of particular concern to physicians in the consultation of patients with cognitive impairment.

Objective: To report a case of atypical rapidly progressive dementia, so as to improve clinicians' understanding of the disease. Methods: The clinical manifestations, signs, cerebrospinal fluid and imaging results of a 67-year-old male patient were analyzed. Results: The patient was an elderly male with insidious onset and progressive exacerbation of the disease, with clinical manifestations of unsteady walking, personality changes, and cognitive decline in the later stage. 14-3-3 protein was positive in cerebrospinal fluid. Brain MRI showed multiple symmetrical abnormal signals in bilateral basal ganglia, thalamus, frontal and parietal cortex. Conclusion: Combined with the clinical manifestations, signs, cerebrospinal fluid and brain MRI results, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is very likely to be considered. The clinical manifestations of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are complex and easy to be missed.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the chronic degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. The existence of blood-brain barrier hinders the application of drugs, resulting in no effective treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Low-frequency focused ultrasound（LFUS） is a safe and new treatment method, which can play a role in targeted delivery of drugs, opening blood-brain barrier and promoting cerebral blood circulation. This review will summarize the research progress of low-frequency focused ultrasound in the treatment of Alzheimer ' s disease.

Objective: To analyze the hot spots and trends of nursing research on senile dementia in China, and to provide reference for the nursing work of senile dementia in the future. Methods: The nursing studies on senile dementia collected by CNKI, Wanfang and VIP database in recent 3 years were searched, keywords were extracted by Bicomb 2.0 and high-frequency keywords were clustered by gCLUTO 1.0. Results: A total of 1229 literatures were included for statistical analysis, 37 high-frequency keywords were obtained, and 5 research hotspots were clustered, including aging, caregivers, quality of life, nursing safety management and rehabilitation nursing. Conclusion: With the acceleration of the aging process of population, the demand for care in patients with dementia is increasing rapidly. In the future, the cognitive intervention threshold for patients with dementia should be moved forward, attention should be paid to the nursing safety management of the patients, and the construction of Internet + intelligent nursing and rehabilitation nursing should be promoted to improve the quality of life of patients. At the same time, attention should be paid to the mental problems of the caregivers for patients with dementia, and a systematic and scientific intervention system should be established.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common of dementia, and there is a lack of effective early diagnosis. Pathophysiological changes in Aβ and Tau proteins were early events of AD, but the correlation between their biomarkers and the severity of dementia was weak. Synaptic loss is proved to be the outcome event of early pathophysiological changes in AD. EEG can monitor the function of brain synapses in real time and serve as an electrophysiological marker of AD. The purpose of this paper is to review the application and research progress of EEG in Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Methods: These articles published in Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Chinese Biomedical Database, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and other Chinese and English databases before March 8, 2022 were searched, with a supplementary search of unpublished clinical trials on Clinicaltrails.gov. The primary outcome is the change of score in the main cognitive function scale before and after the intervention, and the secondary outcome was the occurrence of adverse reactions. Review Manager 5.2 software was used to summarize and analyze the extracted data, and Cochrane bias risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included literature. Results: Twenty-three studies were included, of which 18 studies (20 data groups) were included in quantitative analysis, with a total of 953 people. Comprehensive all included study indicates the anode transcranial direct current stimulation to improve cognitive function (SMD = 0.75, 95% CI = [0.42, 1.08], P < 0.00001); Subgroup analysis suggested that was effective in both mild cognitive impairment(SMD=0.20, 95%CI= [0.02, 0.37], P=0.03) and mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (SMD=0.79, 95%CI=[0.53, 1.04], P < 0.00001). The optimized parameters of transcranial direct current stimulation were unilateral/bilateral frontotemporal parietal lobe, 0.06mA/cm² current density, and ≤20 times of stimulation has been proved to have cognitive benefits. Conclusion: Transcranial direct current stimulation is safe and effective for the treatment of cognitive impairment in mild cognitive impairment and mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. According to current research data, the recommended stimulation site is unilateral/bilateral frontotemporal parietal lobe, and 0.06mA/cm² current density is used in a short-term treatment. More high-quality studies are needed to explore the benefits of higher current densities and prolonged treatment cycles.

In prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease,patients often suffer mild cognitive impairment. Patients with mild cognitive impairment have abnormality in brain cerebral perfusion, which may be one of the initial factors of Alzheimer's disease. Due to its noninvasiveness and repeatability, arterial spin labeling imaging has been used more and more in the study of cerebral perfusion in mild cognitive impairment. This article reviews the application of arterial spin labeling imaging in the diagnosis, transformation and risk factors of mild cognitive impairment in recent years.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder. At present, its pathogenesis is not clear, among which microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has attracted more and more attention in the pathogenesis of this disease. The inflammatory transcription factor C/EBPβ plays an important role in neuroinflammation. Either endogenous or exogenous factors in AD, most studies have shown that C/EBPβ mainly drives AD pathology through the C/EBPβ/AEP signaling pathway. The pathogenesis of AD is associated with dysregulation of microglia, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Ubiquitin ligases Cop1 and Peli1 can degrade C/EBPβ, reduce inflammation and improve AD pathology. This paper reviews the role and research progress of C/EBPβ in AD, and provides more insights for improving and treating AD symptoms.